"So I am in the deserts of Araby at last, and no money in my purse!"
Andrew Jackson served as President from 1829-1837. Although his fiscal policies were controversial, his popularity helped his hand-picked successor, Vice President Martin Van Buren, win the presidential election of 1836. Jackson remained influential until his death in 1845.
"On the Coast of Guinea? Has it come to this & no Mint drops to console myself with?"
Thomas Hart Benton, a Democratic Senator from Missouri, supported Van Buren’s “hard-money” fiscal policy, meaning that paper currency must be backed by gold. “Mint Drops” refers to gold coins. Benton worked to return gold coins to circulation and insisted on receiving his salary in gold coins.
"My old wheelbarrow and cabbages & Hinderhook. Oh Kendal, Kendal to this complexion I have come at last. "       
President Martin Van Buren was elected in 1836 and was mid-way through his term when this cartoon was created. He was widely seen as a protégé and follower of Jackson. Amos Kendall was a close advisor to both men and served as the Postmaster General in both administrations.
"You see gentlemen, that what I said of you has come to pass."
Henry Clay was the leader of the Whig party, an enemy of Andrew Jackson and a supporter of the Bank of the United States. He ran for president unsuccessfully five times.
"By the Eternal!"
In 1832 Jackson exclaimed “By the Eternal!  I’ll smash them!” when he was told that the Senate had rejected the nomination of his ally, Van Buren, as Minister to England.

During his presidency, Jackson claimed that he would rather live in Arabia (or Araby) than allow the powerful Bank of the United States to continue. He succeeded in destroying the bank by vetoing its re-charter by Congress in 1832. His successor Van Buren advocated an Independent or Sub-Treasury system that would allow the federal government to handle its own funds without relying on private or state banks.
"Solitary & alone."
Earlier in his career, he famously said that “sober second thoughts” of the electorate should ultimately guide the government, not “temporary excitement.”

During a speech to encourage the reversal of Congress’s censure of Andrew Jackson, Benton declared “Solitary and alone, I set this ball in motion.” Guinea in western Africa was known for its gold mines.
"Sober second thoughts."
Van Buren was born in Kinderhook, NY. During his presidency, he purchased an estate there that included a grand house and a working farm. His opponents hoped to beat him in the 1840 election, thus forcing him to retire to Kinderhook to raise cabbages.
Drawn On Stone [Political Prints from the 1830's and 1840's]
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Artist Unknown
A Peep Into Futurity, Or A Picture of 1841
Publisher: H. R. Robinson
Lithograph
1838

An anonymous cartoonist depicts Henry Clay as a painter showing his political enemies their bleak future after the next election.  As the cartoonist predicted, President Martin Van Buren did lose the 1840 election, although all three men remained active in politics.